.. _rip:
***
RIP
***
RIP -- Routing Information Protocol is widely deployed interior gateway
protocol. RIP was developed in the 1970s at Xerox Labs as part of the
XNS routing protocol. RIP is a :term:`distance-vector` protocol and is
based on the :term:`Bellman-Ford` algorithms. As a distance-vector
protocol, RIP router send updates to its neighbors periodically, thus
allowing the convergence to a known topology. In each update, the
distance to any given network will be broadcast to its neighboring
router.
*ripd* supports RIP version 2 as described in RFC2453 and RIP
version 1 as described in RFC1058.
.. _starting-and-stopping-ripd:
Starting and Stopping ripd
==========================
The default configuration file name of *ripd*'s is :file:`ripd.conf`. When
invocation *ripd* searches directory |INSTALL_PREFIX_ETC|. If :file:`ripd.conf`
is not there next search current directory.
RIP uses UDP port 520 to send and receive RIP packets. So the user must have
the capability to bind the port, generally this means that the user must have
superuser privileges. RIP protocol requires interface information maintained by
*zebra* daemon. So running *zebra* is mandatory to run *ripd*. Thus minimum
sequence for running RIP is like below:
::
# zebra -d
# ripd -d
Please note that *zebra* must be invoked before *ripd*.
To stop *ripd*. Please use::
kill `cat /var/run/ripd.pid`
Certain signals have special meanings to *ripd*.
+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| Signal | Action |
+=============+======================================================+
| ``SIGHUP`` | Reload configuration file :file:`ripd.conf`. |
| | All configurations are reset. All routes learned |
| | so far are cleared and removed from routing table. |
+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``SIGUSR1`` | Rotate the *ripd* logfile. |
+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| ``SIGINT`` | |
| ``SIGTERM`` | Sweep all installed routes and gracefully terminate. |
+-------------+------------------------------------------------------+
*ripd* invocation options. Common options that can be specified
(:ref:`common-invocation-options`).
.. _rip-netmask:
RIP netmask
-----------
The netmask features of *ripd* support both version 1 and version 2 of RIP.
Version 1 of RIP originally contained no netmask information. In RIP version 1,
network classes were originally used to determine the size of the netmask.
Class A networks use 8 bits of mask, Class B networks use 16 bits of masks,
while Class C networks use 24 bits of mask. Today, the most widely used method
of a network mask is assigned to the packet on the basis of the interface that
received the packet. Version 2 of RIP supports a variable length subnet mask
(VLSM). By extending the subnet mask, the mask can be divided and reused. Each
subnet can be used for different purposes such as large to middle size LANs and
WAN links. FRR *ripd* does not support the non-sequential netmasks that are
included in RIP Version 2.
In a case of similar information with the same prefix and metric, the old
information will be suppressed. Ripd does not currently support equal cost
multipath routing.
.. _rip-configuration:
RIP Configuration
=================
.. clicmd:: router rip
The `router rip` command is necessary to enable RIP. To disable RIP, use the
`no router rip` command. RIP must be enabled before carrying out any of the
RIP commands.
Disable RIP.
.. clicmd:: network NETWORK
Set the RIP enable interface by NETWORK. The interfaces which have addresses
matching with NETWORK are enabled.
This group of commands either enables or disables RIP interfaces between
certain numbers of a specified network address. For example, if the network
for 10.0.0.0/24 is RIP enabled, this would result in all the addresses from
10.0.0.0 to 10.0.0.255 being enabled for RIP. The `no network` command will
disable RIP for the specified network.
.. clicmd:: network IFNAME
Set a RIP enabled interface by IFNAME. Both the sending and
receiving of RIP packets will be enabled on the port specified in the
`network ifname` command. The `no network ifname` command will disable
RIP on the specified interface.
.. clicmd:: neighbor A.B.C.D
Specify RIP neighbor. When a neighbor doesn't understand multicast, this
command is used to specify neighbors. In some cases, not all routers will be
able to understand multicasting, where packets are sent to a network or a
group of addresses. In a situation where a neighbor cannot process multicast
packets, it is necessary to establish a direct link between routers. The
neighbor command allows the network administrator to specify a router as a
RIP neighbor. The `no neighbor a.b.c.d` command will disable the RIP
neighbor.
Below is very simple RIP configuration. Interface `eth0` and interface which
address match to `10.0.0.0/8` are RIP enabled.
.. code-block:: frr
!
router rip
network 10.0.0.0/8
network eth0
!
.. clicmd:: passive-interface (IFNAME|default)
This command sets the specified interface to passive mode. On passive mode
interface, all receiving packets are processed as normal and ripd does not
send either multicast or unicast RIP packets except to RIP neighbors
specified with `neighbor` command. The interface may be specified as
`default` to make ripd default to passive on all interfaces.
The default is to be passive on all interfaces.
.. clicmd:: ip split-horizon
Control split-horizon on the interface. Default is `ip split-horizon`. If
you don't perform split-horizon on the interface, please specify `no ip
split-horizon`.
.. _rip-version-control:
RIP Version Control
===================
RIP can be configured to send either Version 1 or Version 2 packets. The
default is to send RIPv2 while accepting both RIPv1 and RIPv2 (and replying
with packets of the appropriate version for REQUESTS / triggered updates). The
version to receive and send can be specified globally, and further overridden on
a per-interface basis if needs be for send and receive separately (see below).
It is important to note that RIPv1 cannot be authenticated. Further, if RIPv1
is enabled then RIP will reply to REQUEST packets, sending the state of its RIP
routing table to any remote routers that ask on demand. For a more detailed
discussion on the security implications of RIPv1 see :ref:`rip-authentication`.
.. clicmd:: version VERSION
Set RIP version to accept for reads and send. ``VERSION`` can be either 1 or
1.
Disabling RIPv1 by specifying version 2 is STRONGLY encouraged,
:ref:`rip-authentication`. This may become the default in a future release.
Default: Send Version 2, and accept either version.
.. clicmd:: ip rip send version VERSION
VERSION can be ``1``, ``2``, or ``1 2``.
This interface command overrides the global rip version setting, and selects
which version of RIP to send packets with, for this interface specifically.
Choice of RIP Version 1, RIP Version 2, or both versions. In the latter
case, where ``1 2`` is specified, packets will be both broadcast and
multicast.
Default: Send packets according to the global version (version 2)
.. clicmd:: ip rip receive version VERSION
VERSION can be ``1``, ``2``, or ``1 2``.
This interface command overrides the global rip version setting, and selects
which versions of RIP packets will be accepted on this interface. Choice of
RIP Version 1, RIP Version 2, or both.
Default: Accept packets according to the global setting (both 1 and 2).
.. _how-to-announce-rip-route:
How to Announce RIP route
=========================
.. clicmd:: redistribute <babel|bgp|connected|eigrp|isis|kernel|openfabric|ospf|sharp|static|table> [metric (0-16)] [route-map WORD]
Redistribute routes from other sources into RIP.
If you want to specify RIP only static routes:
.. clicmd:: default-information originate
.. clicmd:: route A.B.C.D/M
This command is specific to FRR. The `route` command makes a static route
only inside RIP. This command should be used only by advanced users who are
particularly knowledgeable about the RIP protocol. In most cases, we
recommend creating a static route in FRR and redistributing it in RIP using
`redistribute static`.
.. _filtering-rip-routes:
Filtering RIP Routes
====================
RIP routes can be filtered by a distribute-list.
.. clicmd:: distribute-list [prefix] LIST <in|out> IFNAME
You can apply access lists to the interface with a `distribute-list` command.
If prefix is specified LIST is a prefix-list. If prefix is not specified
then LIST is the access list name. `in` specifies packets being received,
and `out` specifies outgoing packets. Finally if an interface is specified
it will be applied against a specific interface.
The `distribute-list` command can be used to filter the RIP path.
`distribute-list` can apply access-lists to a chosen interface. First, one
should specify the access-list. Next, the name of the access-list is used in
the distribute-list command. For example, in the following configuration
``eth0`` will permit only the paths that match the route 10.0.0.0/8
.. code-block:: frr
!
router rip
distribute-list private in eth0
!
access-list private permit 10 10.0.0.0/8
access-list private deny any
!
`distribute-list` can be applied to both incoming and outgoing data.
.. _rip-metric-manipulation:
RIP Metric Manipulation
=======================
RIP metric is a value for distance for the network. Usually
*ripd* increment the metric when the network information is
received. Redistributed routes' metric is set to 1.
.. clicmd:: default-metric (1-16)
This command modifies the default metric value for redistributed routes.
The default value is 1. This command does not affect connected route even if
it is redistributed by *redistribute connected*. To modify connected route's
metric value, please use ``redistribute connected metric`` or *route-map*.
*offset-list* also affects connected routes.
.. clicmd:: offset-list ACCESS-LIST (in|out)
.. clicmd:: offset-list ACCESS-LIST (in|out) IFNAME
.. _rip-distance:
RIP distance
============
Distance value is used in zebra daemon. Default RIP distance is 120.
.. clicmd:: distance (1-255)
Set default RIP distance to specified value.
.. clicmd:: distance (1-255) A.B.C.D/M
Set default RIP distance to specified value when the route's source IP
address matches the specified prefix.
.. clicmd:: distance (1-255) A.B.C.D/M ACCESS-LIST
Set default RIP distance to specified value when the route's source IP
address matches the specified prefix and the specified access-list.
.. _rip-route-map:
RIP route-map
=============
Usage of *ripd*'s route-map support.
Optional argument route-map MAP_NAME can be added to each `redistribute`
statement.
.. code-block:: frr
redistribute static [route-map MAP_NAME]
redistribute connected [route-map MAP_NAME]
.....
Cisco applies route-map _before_ routes will exported to rip route table. In
current FRR's test implementation, *ripd* applies route-map after routes are
listed in the route table and before routes will be announced to an interface
(something like output filter). I think it is not so clear, but it is draft and
it may be changed at future.
Route-map statement (:ref:`route-map`) is needed to use route-map
functionality.
.. clicmd:: match interface WORD
This command match to incoming interface. Notation of this match is
different from Cisco. Cisco uses a list of interfaces - NAME1 NAME2 ...
NAMEN. Ripd allows only one name (maybe will change in the future). Next -
Cisco means interface which includes next-hop of routes (it is somewhat
similar to "ip next-hop" statement). Ripd means interface where this route
will be sent. This difference is because "next-hop" of same routes which
sends to different interfaces must be different. Maybe it'd be better to
made new matches - say "match interface-out NAME" or something like that.
.. clicmd:: match ip address WORD
.. clicmd:: match ip address prefix-list WORD
Match if route destination is permitted by access-list.
.. clicmd:: match ip next-hop WORD
.. clicmd:: match ip next-hop prefix-list WORD
Match if route next-hop (meaning next-hop listed in the rip route-table as
displayed by "show ip rip") is permitted by access-list.
.. clicmd:: match metric (0-4294967295)
This command match to the metric value of RIP updates. For other protocol
compatibility metric range is shown as (0-4294967295). But for RIP protocol
only the value range (0-16) make sense.
.. clicmd:: set ip next-hop A.B.C.D
This command set next hop value in RIPv2 protocol. This command does not
affect RIPv1 because there is no next hop field in the packet.
.. clicmd:: set metric (0-4294967295)
Set a metric for matched route when sending announcement. The metric value
range is very large for compatibility with other protocols. For RIP, valid
metric values are from 1 to 16.
.. _rip-authentication:
RIP Authentication
==================
RIPv2 allows packets to be authenticated via either an insecure plain
text password, included with the packet, or via a more secure MD5 based
:abbr:`HMAC (keyed-Hashing for Message AuthentiCation)`,
RIPv1 can not be authenticated at all, thus when authentication is
configured `ripd` will discard routing updates received via RIPv1
packets.
However, unless RIPv1 reception is disabled entirely,
:ref:`rip-version-control`, RIPv1 REQUEST packets which are received,
which query the router for routing information, will still be honoured
by `ripd`, and `ripd` WILL reply to such packets. This allows
`ripd` to honour such REQUESTs (which sometimes is used by old
equipment and very simple devices to bootstrap their default route),
while still providing security for route updates which are received.
In short: Enabling authentication prevents routes being updated by
unauthenticated remote routers, but still can allow routes (I.e. the
entire RIP routing table) to be queried remotely, potentially by anyone
on the internet, via RIPv1.
To prevent such unauthenticated querying of routes disable RIPv1,
:ref:`rip-version-control`.
.. clicmd:: ip rip authentication mode md5
Set the interface with RIPv2 MD5 authentication.
.. clicmd:: ip rip authentication mode text
Set the interface with RIPv2 simple password authentication.
.. clicmd:: ip rip authentication string STRING
RIP version 2 has simple text authentication. This command sets
authentication string. The string must be shorter than 16 characters.
.. clicmd:: ip rip authentication key-chain KEY-CHAIN
Specify Keyed MD5 chain.
.. code-block:: frr
!
key chain test
key 1
key-string test
!
interface eth1
ip rip authentication mode md5
ip rip authentication key-chain test
!
.. _rip-timers:
RIP Timers
==========
.. clicmd:: timers basic UPDATE TIMEOUT GARBAGE
RIP protocol has several timers. User can configure those timers' values
by `timers basic` command.
The default settings for the timers are as follows:
- The update timer is 30 seconds. Every update timer seconds, the RIP
process is awakened to send an unsolicited Response message containing
the complete routing table to all neighboring RIP routers.
- The timeout timer is 180 seconds. Upon expiration of the timeout, the
route is no longer valid; however, it is retained in the routing table
for a short time so that neighbors can be notified that the route has
been dropped.
- The garbage collect timer is 120 seconds. Upon expiration of the
garbage-collection timer, the route is finally removed from the routing
table.
The ``timers basic`` command allows the the default values of the timers
listed above to be changed.
.. _show-rip-information:
Show RIP Information
====================
To display RIP routes.
.. clicmd:: show ip rip
Show RIP routes.
The command displays all RIP routes. For routes that are received
through RIP, this command will display the time the packet was sent and
the tag information. This command will also display this information
for routes redistributed into RIP.
.. clicmd:: show ip rip status
The command displays current RIP status. It includes RIP timer,
filtering, version, RIP enabled interface and RIP peer information.
::
ripd> **show ip rip status**
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds with +/-50%, next due in 35 seconds
Timeout after 180 seconds, garbage collect after 120 seconds
Outgoing update filter list for all interface is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interface is not set
Default redistribution metric is 1
Redistributing: kernel connected
Default version control: send version 2, receive version 2
Interface Send Recv
Routing for Networks:
eth0
eth1
1.1.1.1
203.181.89.241
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway BadPackets BadRoutes Distance Last Update
RIP Debug Commands
==================
Debug for RIP protocol.
.. clicmd:: debug rip events
Shows RIP events. Sending and receiving packets, timers, and changes in
interfaces are events shown with *ripd*.
.. clicmd:: debug rip packet
Shows display detailed information about the RIP packets. The origin and
port number of the packet as well as a packet dump is shown.
.. clicmd:: debug rip zebra
This command will show the communication between *ripd* and *zebra*. The
main information will include addition and deletion of paths to the kernel
and the sending and receiving of interface information.
.. clicmd:: show debugging rip
Shows all information currently set for ripd debug.
Sample configuration
====================
.. code-block:: frr
debug rip events
debug rip packet
router rip
network 11.0.0.0/8
network eth0
route 10.0.0.0/8
distribute-list private-only in eth0
access-list private-only permit 10.0.0.0/8
access-list private-only deny any